HISTOLOGY FULL- TEXTWilliam A Beresford MA, D Phil . It weighs in at. only 6. Online Biology Dictionary - M to MYOSIN: Meanings of biology terminology and abbreviations starting with the letter M. Kilobytes, so that you can copy it onto a floppy disc, or HD, in. CONTENTS. Introduction and Preface. Chapter. The first listing of chapters keeps you within the one large. The second listing of chapters (see below) links you to. Here, it should be said that this is a potential aid to thought and. The solution. chosen here is to develop links to freely accessible (but copyrighted) Powerpoint. June, 2. 00. 1). Powerpoints are at the. I am now making the backgrounds. Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, and the Two in Combination for Painful Knee Osteoarthritis. Clegg, M.D., Domenic J. Reda, Ph.D., Crystal. You can adjust via 'Format', 'Custom Background', 'Down arrow'. Custom Background', your choice, 'Apply to the one slide/Apply to all slides', 'OK' (Then, reverse arrow. Some of the Powerpoints are 'busy'. For projection, the content would be spread over two or more slides. They are in the. condensed form so that they can be printed out six- to- a- page, then enlarged 1. Beyond this meet- the- family role, histology reveals time and again how. With many sources available for the actual visual images. I have used the space here to show the patterns of. For curricula where formal. The following storyline is sometimes helpful, and can be recognized later: context - structures - tasks - means - mechanisms - molecules - malfunctions. Chapter 1 A NATURE OF HISTOLOGY. Medical histology applies microscopy to the human body, seeking to discover. Thinking in histology runs along these lines. How does one prepare. What kinds of microscopy can be applied?
Does the microscopic appearance of the tissue or. What experiments can one do to test ideas on how structure. First. histology is colourful. Secondly, almost everything seen is actually there. Third, one handles and. Fourth, the structures can be interpreted. So much is now known of the roles of cells and. The first need is. This. (c)Spread sheet of tissue seriously limits the facilities for. For example, staining. Thus. (d)Teased apart fibrous phase- contrast or interference- contrast. A drawback to using our eyes. Total magnification is then the product of these. X 1. 0 = 4. 00. The resolution or resolving power - how. This is achieved by the electromagnetic beam of the. The beam is focused through the object suspended on its. Chapter 3. 0. K). The other. forms of microscopy - phase- contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal. X- ray diffraction) - will be discussed in Chapter. How to do this is described briefly below. In practical terms. Essentially, though, we are getting a. For what the structure looked like in the third dimension, the. Gross examples arise from: (l) clumsy excision from. Plug in, switch on, and adjust the rheostat up one third of its. Otherwise, use artificial light provided by an electric bulb behind a. Light intensity. can be increased by bringing the lamp nearer to the mirror, if the lamp is not. If the condenser in use (nearly always), use the plane side of the mirror. Raise the condenser to very near the underside of the. Place a clean, stained slide on the stage and using the coarse and fine. X l. 0 objective.(h) With the condenser racking knob focus the light source on the specimen. If this feature of the light source is. Do not. lower the condenser way out of focus as a means to reduce the light intensity.(i) The iris diaphragm should now be closed just to the point where glare is. Further closure will make the field too dark and reduce resolving. The microscope is now set up for use, but the requirements change for each. Higher power objectives require more light thus the iris will need. Note that the objective lenses are of different lengths, and they are not. Be careful when switching in a higher power lens that it. Clean the lenses only with. If the X 4. 4 objective will not focus to a clear image, check first that. This. operation must be controlled by observing the descending lens from the. Do not yet look down through the eyepiece. Once the lens has touched. If this has happened raise the lens slowly, while. Do not allow oil to get on. Ask for instructions in their use and for. If lens paper alone is insufficient to clean a lens. On no account exchange the lenses. Table l gives some differences between the. The detailed morphology revealed by EM may be called fine or. The direct comparison of LM and EM images of a structure requires that the. Noting the magnification, on the 'scope. A growing practice in histology and pathology is to fix and prepare. EM standards, imbed in plastic and cut semi- thin (l . LM then reveals good cellular detail and. Two other techniques yield anatomical images - fibre- optic endoscopy and. EM, and are being digested by the anatomical texts. Endoscopy. from its low magnification is marginal to histology, but related in that. SEM strengthens one's conception of microscopic structures, e. Some differences between light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy Electron microscopy. Image is presented directly to the Image is in shades of green on. Image keeps the colours given the screen; photographically. Its small size. even alive. Fluids can have. their suspended solid constituents viewed microscopically as smear. Blood; Chapter l. A), but are otherwise of limited. Extracellular substances are important for the cells. These. substances are used as building materials for the firmer structures of the. Lipids, minerals, glucose, and smaller molecules are usually lost from. What is left is a skeleton of structures - . The special steps of. Chapter 3. 0. C) preserve and reveal some smaller. The cells of the four primary tissues - epithelial. Cell morphology. Powerpoint. Cells performing a given function have a characteristic size, form and. However it may help at this stage. The cell is defined as a distinct entity by having a thin skin or. In LM the membrane is often unseen. Each is of unit membrane with a 'trilaminar' nature similar to that. Many of the apparent interruptions or pores/fenestrations through. Transport between nucleus and cytoplasm takes place at assemblies of. The outer nuclear membrane sometimes leads on out to a membrane system. This system of closed. Golgi complex.(b) Two varieties of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are seen...(i) Granular/rough/GER has fine granules, ribosomes of ribonucleo- .. Ribosome particles: may lie free in the cytoplasm in small clusters. This is noted. particularly in growing cells. With routine haematoxylin staining in certain cells, e. Golgi structure as a pale negative image.(e) Its tasks are the concentration and preparation for storage of proteins. Microtubules: with a diameter of 2. EM or fluorescent tagging; they give form to the cell. In EM their shape tends to be tubular or spheroid.(c) They are hollow bodies enclosed in two unit membranes; the inner. They. may also store calcium. EM reveals that it consists. Each is an. open- ended cylindrical body with a wall composed of nine bundles, each of. These tubules help to initiate and control the. A similar cylindrical structure is seen at the base of each cilium and is. One way basal bodies and cilia develop. Cell nucleus(a) Nuclear membranes have been discussed in 5. Chromatin granules/karyosomes seen in the sap during the interphase. DNA). not fully uncoiled. The sex chromatin of female cells is an extreme example of. X chromosomes continues in a condensed. The nucleolus seen as a dense body in most cells' nuclei with LM. The dense branching strand is the nucleolonema.(d) There is great variety in the size of the nucleus, its shape, the. In general, a large nucleus, with much pale euchromatin and a prominent. RNA from chromatin DNA. The nucleolus is mostly pre- ribosomal RNA. Nucleoli. are prominent in nerve and Sertoli cells. Its chemical constitution and. Its complement of organelles is altering. The cell itself represents a system of activities isolated to. Within the cell things are. The. membranes define temporary compartments separated from the cytoplasm, where. Dynamic aspects of the cell's existence are. Chapter 3. 0. These stains may be discussed. Chapter 3. 0. B. 3. Routine staining of human material usually employs haematoxylin. The nucleic acids are concentrated in the nucleus and the rough. The colour is usually some shade of blue or brown. A few cells have a lot of granular ER in their cytoplasm, which gives a. This term depends on how the. Most cells do not have such a concentration of GER that their cytoplasm. Consequently, another cytoplasmic. Such a general stain is eosin, acidic in nature, which stains. Some structures stain bright red. It is. not difficult to get the balance wrong so that one swamps the. For example, an excess of eosin can mask a basophilic reaction of the. When the interest is in specific cell features, special. These can be obtained, single and clumped, from any tissue or organ. FNA). Also. one strategy of development is to overproduce cells, then select, e. Thirdly, if an organ cannot work properly, e. Apoptosis. 2 For apoptosis, endonucleases are activated which break up the. DNA, transcription slows and stops, organelles. GER dilates. Caspases digest relevant cellular. The cell and internal membranes bleb out. The controlling factors include cytokines (Chapter 8. F). One mechanism for this is the asymmetric cell division. For a similar story based. Medical Cytology Module. A CELL MEMBRANE OR PLASMALEMMA. Thus, some proteins span the width of the. The. wide- spread occurrence of solitary cilia (flagella), e. The stereocilia of the male reproductive tract are. Each cell collaborates with both. The importance of the. The binding of hormones to receptors on the membrane.(b) The binding of the lymphocyte's membrane receptor to an antigen.(c) Transmitter chemicals depolarize neurons and muscle cells.(d) Excitable tissues propagate action potentials along the membranes.(e) Schwann cells wrap their membranes many times round an axon's to make. Chemical stimuli are transduced into nerve impulses in chemoreceptors. Gap junctions permit ions and excitation to spread from cell to cell, and. In development, epithelial and mesenchymal cells interact in sequence to.
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